I did a bit of digging about how PPARD (PPAR delta).
PPAR delta is stimulated by dietary fatty acids and other agonists (GW501516)
How PPAR delta receptor is resulting in the burning of fat
However, PPAR-delta’s activation signals the muscle cell to burn fat for energy.
The scientists achieved these effects by modifying a gene called PPAR-delta, a master regulator of numerous genes. Evans and his colleagues showed that by enhancing PPAR-delta’s activity, they had shifted the genetic network in muscle cells to favor burning fat over sugar as their energy source. But the effects seen in the marathon mice were caused by a genetic manipulation that was present in their bodies as their muscles were developing. Evans’s group began to wonder whether they could duplicate these effects by turning on PPAR-delta in adult mice.
@richard - I know you love ATP reading
The scientists were intrigued by this synergistic interaction and wanted to know how exercise allowed the drug to work. One possibility was an enzyme called AMP kinase (AMPK). During exercise, cells burn ATP as their primary source of energy. In the process, they create a by-product called AMP. When cells sense the presence of AMP, they activate AMPK. Activation of AMPK creates more ATP for the cell to burn. AMPK also triggers changes that lower blood sugar, sensitize cells to insulin, enable cells to burn more fat, suppress inflammation, and otherwise influence metabolic pathways. This is one reason that exercise is so beneficial.
Evans’s team found that in addition to replenishing the cell’s energy stores, AMPK also assists PPAR-delta in activating its gene targets. “It hops onto PPAR-delta in the nucleus and turbo-charges its transcriptional activity,” Evans explained. “We think AMPK activity is the secret to allowing PPAR-delta drugs to work.”
A metabolomic study of the PPARd agonist GW501516 for enhancing running endurance in Kunming mice
https://www.nature.com/articles/srep09884
Protein May Be Linked to the Development of Colon Cancer - YouTube
people taking GW501516
http://forums.lylemcdonald.com/archive/index.php?t-23228.html
Sesamin is a naturally occurring lignan found in sesame seeds and oil. A lignan is a molecule that combines with a receptor or another entity acting as an “activator.”
Sesamin has been shown to be a potent PPAR-alpha agonist (Ide et al. 2003).
PPAR-Delta Improves Endurance by Reducing Glucose and Increasing Fat Metabolism
http://medicalfan.com/health-fitness-food/ppar-delta-improves-endurance-by-reducing-glucose-and-increasing-fat-metabolism/
http://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/abstract/S1550-4131(17)30211-5
https://dspace.mit.edu/openaccess-disseminate/1721.1/106594
Beyaz, Semir et al. “High-Fat Diet Enhances Stemness and
Tumorigenicity of Intestinal Progenitors.” Nature 531.7592
(2016): 53–58.
As Published http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature17173
Abstract
Little is known about how pro-obesity diets regulate tissue stem and progenitor cell function. Here
we find that high fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity augments the numbers and function of Lgr5
+
intestinal stem-cells (ISCs) of the mammalian intestine. Mechanistically, HFD induces a robust
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPAR-d) signature in intestinal stem and (nonISC)
progenitor cells, and pharmacologic activation of PPAR-d recapitulates the effects of a HFD
on these cells. Like a HFD, ex vivo treatment of intestinal organoid cultures with fatty acid
constituents of the HFD enhances the self-renewal potential of these organoid bodies in a PPAR-d
dependent manner. Interestingly, HFD- and agonist-activated PPAR-d signaling endow organoidinitiating
capacity to progenitors, and enforced PPAR-d signaling permits these progenitors to
form in vivo tumors upon loss of the tumor suppressor Apc. These findings highlight how dietmodulated
PPAR-d activation alters not only the function of intestinal stem and progenitor cells,
but also their capacity to initiate tumors.
Its a known fact that the fat-making process in the liver is completely controlled by PPAR delta, whereas the fat-burning process in muscle is controlled by PPAR alpha.
8 Benefits of Cardarine (GW501516) – and Risks, Side Effects
I certainly wouldn’t take any drugs that play with this system. It appears quite risky.