https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-08055-1?WT.feed_name=subjects_immunology
We then evaluated the antidepressant-like effects of BHB using a CUS procedure similar to that used in our previous studies8, 24. The CUS paradigm is an animal model of depression with high face, construct, and predictive validity25,26,27. We confirmed that rats exposed to CUS exhibited depressive behavioral changes (Fig. 2b–f). These behavioral changes are considered to be evidence of despair, anhedonia, and anxiety in rodents28,29,30,31. Moreover, our results indicate that chronic BHB administration prevents the development of these CUS-induced behaviors, which is regarded as a characteristic feature of antidepressant drugs (Fig. 2b–f)32. Although there have been no previous reports indicating that BHB produces antidepressant-like effects, there is some evidence suggesting that a ketogenic diet – which elevates levels of BHB in the brain – may be associated with antidepressant effects.