There’s a very good chance - about 70% - that any medical study done is wrong. In August of 2005, a researcher named John P. A. Ioannidis published a paper called, “Why Most Published Research Findings are False”. It went on to become one of the most downloaded papers ever. He said it’s largely due to bad use of statistics (“math is hard” - Barbie), but also had a list of factors that lead to bad science. One of the most insidious things is the drive to publish, which means the hotter the research area, the more likely that the science is wrong.
A rule of thumb among biotechnology venture-capitalists is that half of published research cannot be replicated. Even that may be optimistic. In 2012 researchers the biotech firm Amgen found they could reproduce just six of 53 (11%) “landmark” studies in cancer research. Earlier, a group at Bayer, a drug company, managed to repeat just a quarter of 67 similarly important papers. … In 2000-10 roughly 80,000 patients took part in clinical trials based on research that was later retracted because of mistakes or improprieties.
My wife was treated with a bone marrow transplant for breast cancer in 1997. A year or two later, it was found that the paper it was based on was junk science. The investigator fudged the data. A friend we met during her treatment, part of her cancer survivor group, had the bone marrow transplant, too. She died a few years ago from a leukemia that was attributed to the transplant, so fudging the data wasn’t a victimless crime.
There are so many papers being retracted that a website was founded to keep track of them. https://retractionwatch.com/
With new science as bad as it is, there really is a better than 50% chance that any medical advise you see is wrong.